The Chinese closely guarded the secret of papermaking, and they tried to eliminate other Asian centers of papermaking to create a monopoly. But, in A. The Arabs learned papermaking from their Chinese prisoners, and in A. The Arabs also tried to keep the papermaking process a secret, and Europeans did not learn how to make paper until several centuries later. During the 8th century in Samarkand, Muslims created water-powered pulp mills, and they began binding books using silk thread and covered them with leather-covered paste boards.
By the 12th century, a street in Marrakech, Morocco was named "Kutubiyyin" or "book sellers street" because it contained over book stores. Thanks to the crusades, the Spanish learned to make paper around A.
The Spanish refined the process, creating paper mills that used waterwheels. The oldest known paper document in Europe is the Mozarab Missal of Silos, dating from the 11th century. France had a paper mill by A. The first paper mill in England was created by John Tate around A. In the Americas, by the 5th century, the Mayans were using a material similar to paper called amate. Made from tree bark, the earliest example of amate was found at Huitzilapa near the Magdalena Municipality, Jalisco, Mexico, dating to 75 B.
European papermaking spread to the Americas, first in Mexico by , and then in Philadelphia by In the s and s, two men on two different continents set out to make paper out of wood. German Friedrich Gottlob Keller and Canadian Charles Fenerty sought to pulp wood, and by , they announced that they had invented a machine that extracted fibers from wood and made paper out of them.
Fenerty also bleached the pulp, making the paper white. By the end of the 19th-century almost all printers in the western world were using wood instead of rags to make paper. The new paper, along with the inventions of the fountain pen, mass-produced pencil, and steam driven rotary printing press caused a major transformation in 19th century life. The forest products industry is circular by nature.
The forest products industry accounts for approximately four percent of the total U. These awards recognize exemplary sustainability programs and initiatives in the paper and wood products manufacturing industry. July 9, Update in Brief. Finally, in , the first U. It was, thin, feted, formed, flat made in porous molds from macerated vegetable fiber.
Hunter ,4 Before the 3rd century AD, the first paper was made of disintegrating cloth- bark of trees and vegetation such as mulberry, hemp, china grass Hunter ,56 Paper was used in China from AD , for engraving religious pictures and reached its height of in with the wooden block prints made popular by Sung Ying-hsing. The technology of making paper moved from China to Japan and then to Korea in AD where it was commonly made from mulberry bark and Gampi.
Later it was made from bamboo and rice straw. Hunter ,59 Marco Polo gave one of the first descriptions of Chinese papermaking in his 'Milione'. He mentions that the Chinese emperors jealously guard the secrets of papermaking and that fine paper is manufactured from vegetable fiber: rice or tea straw, bamboo canes and hemp rag cloth. Chinese paper made from bark and the fibers of rags and hemp may have traveled on caravans following the Gobi Desert, the Desert of Takla Makan and the Tarim Valley and finally arrived in Samarkan.
But papermaking was a closely guarded secret and it was not actually made there until after AD. In the Chinese lost a battle in Turkistan on the banks of the Tharaz River.
It was recorded that among the Chinese prisoners were skilled papermakers. The craftsmen began making paper in Samarkan.
Hunter ,60 Samarkan was a good place to make paper because it had an abundant supply of hemp and flax and pure water. It took years to find its way to Europe. Hunter , By the end of the 10th century, paper had replaced parchment and papyrus in the Arab world. The material of the Arab paper was apparently substantially linen. It seems that the Arabs, and the skilled Persian workmen whom they employed, at once resorted to flax, which grows abundantly in Khorasan, as their principal material, afterwards also making use of rags, supplemented, as the demand grew, with any vegetable fibre that would serve; cotton, if used at all, was used very sparingly.
Paper of Oriental manufacture in the Middle Ages can be distinguished by its stout substance and glossy surface, and was devoid of water-marks. The oldest recorded document on paper was a deed of King Roger of Sicily, of the year ; and there are others of Sicilian kings in the 12th century.
A notarial register on paper, at Geneva, dates, from The oldest known imperial deed on the same material is a charter of Frederick II to the nuns of Goess in Styria, of the year , now at Vienna. In , Frederick II forbade further use of paper for public documents; which were in future to be inscribed on vellum.
In Venice the Liber plegiorum, the entries in which begin with the year , is made of rough paper; as are the registers of the Council of Ten, beginning in ; and the register of the emperor Henry VII. In the British Museum there is an older example in a manuscript. Arundel which contains some astronomical treatises written on an excellent paper in an Italian hand from the first half of the 13th century. The letters addressed from Castile to Edward I.
Stutermeister , 11 There is a record of paper being used by the Empress Irene in Greece at the end of the 13th century, but with one doubtful exception, there are no extant Greek manuscripts on paper before the middle of the 13th century. The English word "ream" meaning sheets is derived through Spanish and French from the Arabic word rizmah that translates as "a bundle". Felipe de Javita in the ancient city of Valencia and it can be dated to AD Papermaking continued under Moorish rule until when the moors were expelled.
Paper making then began to gradually spread across Christian Europe. Bamboo molds were common in China, but it was not readily available in Europe. The bamboo allowed the mold to be flexible, but the European rigid wire mold, was better suited to the formation of rag fiber. Europeans also invented the Fence or Deckle, which keeps the paper within bonds Hunter , The earliest paper was called 'cloth parchment', but it often contained wood and straw in addition to cloth.
All these raw materials were beaten to a fine pulp and mixed with water. Sheets of paper were then pressed out, dried and hardened. The demand for paper was slight in the 1st Century Europe Hunter , Paper cost more than vellum, it was more fragile than parchment and it was associated with Jews and Arabs who were not trusted.
Hunter , 61 In fact, The Church in Western Europe initially banned the use of paper calling it a 'pagan art' believing that animal parchment was the only thing 'holy' enough to carry the Sacred Word. Hunter , The first representation of the printing process is the wood print Der Papierer by Jost Amman in the Little Book of trades.
Hunter , 5. In Italy the first great center of the paper-making industry was Fabriano in the marquisate of Ancona. Mills were established in , and rose to importance with the decline of the manufacture in Spain.
This document clearly points to the existence of a number of paper factories, and implies a well developed commercial activity. Fabriano was the first manufacturing center to harness water power to drive the fibrillation pulping process, previously a labor intensive manual activity. In a factory was established at and Treviso ; and other factories were quickly established in the territories of Florence, Bologna, Parma, Milan, Venice. The factories of northern Italy supplied southern Germany with paper as late as the 15th century.
The earliest German factories are said to have been set up between Cologne and Mainz, and in Mainz itself about Ulman Stromer established a mill in at Nuremberg, with the aid of Italian workmen.
Ratisbon and Augsburg were other sites of early manufacture. Western Germany, the Netherlands and England, are said to have obtained paper at first from France and Burgundy then through the markets of Bruges, Antwerp and Cologne. By the second half of the 14th Century, the use of paper for all literary purposes had become established in all of Western Europe.
In the course of the 15th century vellum was gradually superseded by paper. Some later manuscripts would use a mixture of vellum and paper. The Council Statute of prohibited anyone within a radius of 50 miles from Fabriano buildings from manufacturing paper or teaching paper making secrets to those not residing within the Council territory, pending a fine of 50 ducats.
A later prohibition has even stiffer penalties. Transgressors were considered "rebels" and thereby banned from the city with consequent capital confiscation.
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