Overall, Humanist education was thought at the time to be an important factor in the preparation of life. Its main goal was to improve the lives of citizens and help their communities. Humanist schools combined Christianity and the classics to produce a model of education for all of Europe. Most of her writing was in the form of letters to other intellectuals.
Privacy Policy. Skip to main content. The Renaissance. Search for:. Humanist Thought. Petrarch was born in the Tuscan city of Arezzo in , and spent his early childhood near Florence, but his family moved to Avignon to follow Pope Clement V, who moved there in to begin the Avignon Papacy.
A highly introspective man, he shaped the nascent Humanist movement a great deal because many of the internal conflicts and musings expressed in his writings were seized upon by Renaissance Humanist philosophers and argued continually for the next years. Key Terms Dark Ages : An imprecise term of historical periodization that was once used to refer to the Middle Ages but is latterly most commonly used in relation to the early medieval period, i.
Humanism : The study of classical antiquity, at first in Italy and then spreading across Western Europe in the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries. Avignon Papacy : The period from to , during which seven successive popes resided in Avignon, France. Learning Objectives Assess how Humanism gave rise to the art of the Renasissance.
Key Takeaways Key Points Humanists reacted against the utilitarian approach to education, seeking to create a citizenry who were able to speak and write with eloquence and thus able to engage the civic life of their communities. While Humanism initially began as a predominantly literary movement, its influence quickly pervaded the general culture of the time, reintroducing classical Greek and Roman art forms and leading to the Renaissance. Donatello became renowned as the greatest sculptor of the Early Renaissance, known especially for his Humanist, and unusually erotic, statue of David.
In humanist painting, the treatment of the elements of perspective and depiction of light became of particular concern. Key Terms High Renaissance : The period in art history denoting the apogee of the visual arts in the Italian Renaissance.
Learning Objectives Define Humanism and its goals as a movement in education. Key Takeaways Key Points The Humanists of the Renaissance created schools to teach their ideas and wrote books all about education. Velen and Elizabeth Velen. English translation of several essays published in Italian in the s. Astrology in the Renaissance: Zodiac of Life. London and New York: Arkana, English translation of Lo zodiaco della vita Essays that emphasize the influence of astrology, magic, Neoplatonism, and hermeticism on astronomy and other scientific disciplines in the Italian Renaissance.
Hans Baron b. Petrarch b. Humanism became civic during the political crisis of as the Florentine Republic struggled for its existence against Milan, ruled by a duke.
At this time, Florentine intellectuals, especially Leonardo Bruni b. Civic humanism included a new understanding of history, an affirmation of the ethical value of the conditions of the civic life, and a new understanding of Cicero, the classical writer most admired by humanists. Baron a and Baron b articulate the basic argument, while Baron and Baron add important elements.
Baron, Hans. Argues by means of close analysis and dating of numerous humanistic texts that Bruni and other Florentines created civic humanism during the political crisis of the war against Milan at the beginning of the 15th century.
Most readers will prefer the one-volume revised edition, available in paperback, because it streamlines and sharpens the argument. Supplements Baron a with detailed, somewhat technical chapters concerning the genesis and dating of humanist texts in the early 15th century. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, Important additional articles that round out the interpretation.
In the s Baron published important articles on 14th- and 15th-century humanism that stand independently of Baron a. These articles many revised, plus some new ones are collected here. Seigel and Hankins are critical; Witt, et al. Renaissance Civic Humanism: Reappraisals and Reflections.
Molho, Anthony. Edited by David S. Peterson and Daniel E. Bornstein, 61— Toronto: Centre for Reformation and Renaissance Studies, Fascinating combination of biography and historiography.
Seigel, Jerrold E. Argues for a strong rhetorical element in humanist thought, and that humanists were not necessarily personally committed to civic values. Witt, Ronald, John N. Najemy, Craig Kallendorf, and Werner Gundersheimer.
While noting some criticisms, they accept his view about the importance of Florentine civic humanism and its links to republicanism. Petrarch strongly criticized medieval approaches and values, proposed ancient texts as sources of wisdom and models of style, and anticipated humanist pronouncements about the dignity of man. By Hans Baron, 51— Bishop, Morris.
Petrarch and His World. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, An attractive and well-written biography that brings Petrarch alive. Foster, Kenelm. Petrarch: Poet and Humanist. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, Short introduction to Petrarch and his works; emphasizes his life and poetry more than his philosophy. Trinkaus, Charles.
Emphasizes Petrarch as a humanist and a philosopher, as well as his role in shaping Renaissance views on man. On pp. After Hans Baron see Civic Humanism , most scholars, especially in the English-speaking world, have accepted that there was a connection between humanism and politics. While humanism everywhere had as its base a knowledge and respect for classical texts as inspiration and models of deportment and learning, it took on different coloration and attitudes in different political and social settings.
In Florence, major humanists filled the chancellorship, a high civil-service position; chancellors were both intellectual leaders and politically involved. Black, Robert. Benedetto Accolti and the Florentine Renaissance. Study of Accolti b. Brown, Alison. Study of another Florentine chancellor and humanist. Sees Scala, who was chancellor from to , as combining his humanism with a focus on the centralization of political authority in Florence.
Bruni, Leonardo. This work provides a summary of his life and translates selections from his most important writings. Field, Arthur. The Origins of the Platonic Academy of Florence. Study of the Platonic Academy, a group of Florentine humanists and philosophers who studied the writings of Plato and other ancient texts in the s and s.
Godman, Peter. Emphasizes that Florentine humanism was secular, and sees tensions between the thought of the humanists and Machiavelli. Martines, Lauro. The Social World of the Florentine Humanists, — Studies the social, political, and economic situations of forty-five Florentines strongly committed to humanism.
Demonstrates that they came from the elite ranks of Florentine society, and notes the congruence between their social positions and some of the values of civic humanism. Fundamental study of Salutati b.
While Salutati was the most important early leader of Florentine humanists, Witt also emphasizes medieval and religious tendencies in his thought. Humanism in Rome differed from Florentine humanism. The pope was an elected monarch who, with the aid of the Roman Curia, governed both an international church and the Papal States in central Italy. The humanists were clergymen rather than heads of families and civic office holders. Hence, Roman humanism did not celebrate republicanism or duties to family.
Rather, Roman humanists, most of whom were born elsewhere and moved to Rome, emphasized the links between imperial Rome and the papacy, between the ancient city and Renaissance Rome.
Historical research since the late 20th century demonstrates that Roman humanism was just as intellectually rich as that of Florence, but distinct. Stinger and Rowland offer more-general surveys, while Celenza translates an interesting text. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, Introduction, Latin text, and English translation of a humanist treatise on the papal Curia, written in It praises the institution and criticizes its members.
Emphasizes the Roman humanist themes, including Ciceronian Latin style and humanistic theology, from the s to Explains the operation of the Curia. McGinness, Frederick J. Continues the study of sacred oratory in Rome in the late 16th century, as preachers blended spirituality, humanistic rhetorical style, and the symbolic value of Rome. Emphasizes the humanistic revival of classical rhetoric in preaching at the papal court. Rowland, Ingrid D.
Emphasizes the enthusiasm for the classical period in papal Rome among scholars, artists, and bankers, and the connections among them between and Stinger, Charles L. The Renaissance in Rome. A cultural survey of Rome from to , with material on humanism.
It emphasizes the importance of the example of ancient Rome. Venice, the longest-lasting republic in Renaissance Italy, had a strong humanist culture. Its humanists were almost always Venetian patricians and citizens who emphasized unanimity, civic responsibility, and allegiance to Aristotelian philosophy, as King and King point out. Bouwsma deals with late Venetian humanism and cultural values in conflict with the papacy.
Bouwsma, William J. Berkeley: University of California Press, Although it probably overstates the Renaissance-versus-papacy theme, the book demonstrates the continued importance of humanistic and civic themes in the late Renaissance in Venice. Large and wide-ranging study. King, Margaret L. Venetian Humanism in an Age of Patrician Dominance. Major survey of the themes of Venetian humanism in the 15th century, with extensive bio-bibliographical information about ninety-two leading Venetian humanists.
The starting point for study of Venetian humanism. Has twelve studies of Venetian and female humanists of the 15th century. Offers detailed investigations of the humanist Giovanni Caldiera and several female humanists. In Naples, humanists developed notions of magnanimity and other social virtues within a princely context, as Bentley demonstrates, while Milanese humanists glorified their rulers; see Ianziti Bolognese humanism developed in the intersecting circles of the university and the Bentivoglio family and made contributions in philology, as Raimondi and Beroaldo show.
Bentley, Jerry H. Politics and Culture in Renaissance Naples. Examines the roles and views of Neapolitan humanists, especially Giovanni Pontano b.
Neapolitan humanism revolved around the court and articulated princely values to some extent. Beroaldo, Filippo, the Elder. Annotationes centum. Edited with introduction and commentary by Lucia A. Reprints brief Latin philological studies of classical texts in which Beroaldo b. Excellent introduction explains his method. Ianziti, Gary. Oxford: Clarendon, Studies the writing of humanistic historiography that praised the Sforza dukes of Milan.
Raimondi, Ezio. Bologna, Italy: Il Mulino, Originally published in Bernstein offers an excellent introduction to German humanism as a whole. Spitz studies the first important German humanist, and Spitz extends the analysis to others; Spitz surveys broader issues.
Akkerman and Vanderjagt studies Rudolph Agricola, Rummel surveys a humanist-Scholastic clash, and Rummel looks at the broader reasons for the quarrels between humanists and Scholastics. Watts studies Nicholas of Cusa, an original and provocative thinker. Akkerman, Fokke, and A. Vanderjagt, eds. Excellent collection of studies, the majority in English, about the life and writings of Agricola, who studied in Italy and wrote an enormously influential humanist rhetoric manual first published in , as well as other works.
Bernstein, Eckhard. German Humanism. Boston: Twayne, Excellent survey of German humanism from to Discusses origins, themes, and major figures and provides excellent bibliography. Does not take strong interpretive stances. Rummel, Erika. Surveys the sharp debates between humanists and Scholastic theologians, beginning in Italy and passing to Germany between roughly and An attempt to destroy Hebrew books, which humanists defended as important for the correct interpretation of the Bible, became a struggle between humanists and Scholastics between and Includes a historical introduction and translation of key texts.
Available in paperback. Spitz, Lewis W. Conrad Celtis, the German Arch-Humanist. Study of Celtis b. The Religious Renaissance of the German Humanists. Notes Italian influences, religious themes, and reformist tendencies. Helps explain why many German humanists supported Luther. Luther and German Humanism. A collection of articles arguing for strong Italian influence on German humanism, delineating the characteristics of German humanism, and assessing the importance of humanism in the German Reformation.
Watts, Pauline Moffitt. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, Nicholas of Cusa b. Several key works have shaped current scholarship on French and Spanish humanism; all have extensive bibliographies. Bataillon , originally published in , is a monumental study of Spanish humanism that is still valuable. Bataillon, Marcel. Geneva, Switzerland: Librairie Droz, Fundamental study first published as a single volume in and subsequently expanded.
Emphasizes the influence of Erasmus in Spain and the subsequent suppression of Erasmian humanism by the Inquisition. Gundersheimer, Werner L. French Humanism, — London: Macmillan, Collection of studies by well-known scholars on French humanism and humanists.
Kelley, Donald R. Broad study of the influence of humanism on French historiography and law. Traces the steps by which French humanists used historical techniques derived from humanism to understand French history and, in the process, developed a modern historical consciousness. Edited by Eugene F. Rice Jr. McNeil, David O. Geneva, Switzerland: Droz, Stone, Donald, Jr.
Good introductory survey. After an introduction about the Renaissance and humanism, it provides succinct summaries of key figures and themes, organized around the reigns of French kings.
Hay studies a pioneering humanist. Thomas More b. The most well known artists from this phase are Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, Titian, and Michelangelo. Their paintings and frescoes are among the most widely known works of art in the world. Marriage of the Virgin, by Raphael : The painting depicts a marriage ceremony between Mary and Joseph.
High Renaissance painting evolved into Mannerism in Florence. Mannerist artists, who consciously rebelled against the principles of High Renaissance, tended to represent elongated figures in illogical spaces. Modern scholarship has recognized the capacity of Mannerist art to convey strong, often religious, emotion where the High Renaissance failed to do so. Humanism was an intellectual movement embraced by scholars, writers, and civic leaders in 14th century Italy.
Humanism, also known as Renaissance Humanism, was an intellectual movement embraced by scholars, writers, and civic leaders in 14th- and earlyth-century Italy. The movement developed in response to the medieval scholastic conventions in education at the time, which emphasized practical, pre-professional, and scientific studies engaged in solely for job preparation, and typically by men alone.
Humanists reacted against this utilitarian approach, seeking to create a citizenry who were able to speak and write with eloquence and thus able to engage the civic life of their communities. Humanism introduced a program to revive the cultural—and particularly the literary—legacy and moral philosophy of classical antiquity.
While Humanism initially began as a predominantly literary movement, its influence quickly pervaded the general culture of the time, re-introducing classical Greek and Roman art forms and contributing to the development of the Renaissance.
Humanists considered the ancient world to be the pinnacle of human achievement, and thought its accomplishments should serve as the model for contemporary Europe. Humanism was an optimistic philosophy that saw man as a rational and sentient being, with the ability to decide and think for himself. It saw man as inherently good by nature, which was in tension with the Christian view of man as the original sinner needing redemption.
It provoked fresh insight into the nature of reality, questioning beyond God and spirituality, and provided knowledge about history beyond Christian history.
Why commission artwork during the renaissance? Types of renaissance patronage. The role of the workshop in Italian renaissance art. Renaissance Watercolours: materials and techniques. Next lesson. John M.
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